Desdobramentos da Lei de Execução Penal
Para uma convivência harmoniosa em sociedade, uma comunidade politicamente organizada estabelece regras definidoras de direitos e deveres, que regulamentam diversos setores da vida em comunidade.
Uma das áreas disciplinadoras do nosso ordenamento jurídico é o Direito Penal, definido por Cezar Bitencourt como “conjunto de normas jurídicas que tem por objeto a determinação de infrações de natureza penal e suas sanções correspondentes”.
A pena aplicada em razão do cometimento de um crime tem os seguintes objetivos:
- retribuição estatal ao mal provocado pelo condenado;
- intimidação dos membros da sociedade para que lhes-sejam retirados eventuais incentivos quanto à prática de infrações penais
- prevenção da reincidência, intimidando o condenado para que ele não volte a infringir a lei penal;
- ressocialização do condenado para que no futuro ele possa retornar ao convívio em sociedade pronto para respeitar as regras a todos impostas pelo ordenamento jurídico.
Além de ter que cumprir os seus objetivos, a execução da pena obedece a diversas outras regras, com o objetivo de assegurar o preenchimento de condições adequadas para a execução da pena com dignidade e para a reintegração social do condenado.
Um exemplo dessas regras é o art. 10 da Lei de Execução Penal (Lei nº 7.210/1984), que diz que “a assistência ao preso e ao internado é dever do Estado, objetivando prevenir o crime e orientar o retorno à convivência em sociedade”, sendo estendida, ainda, a referida assistência ao egresso, conforme parágrafo único do artigo citado.
Em seguida, o art. 11 da mesma lei prevê que será ofertada ao preso, ao internado e ao egresso assistência material, à saúde, jurídica, educacional, social e religiosa.
No entanto, a Lei de Execução Penal (LEP) enfrenta muitos desafios para sua correta aplicação, o que, consequentemente, compromete os efeitos por ela buscados.
Conforme enuncia Cleber Masson, “antes de ser socializadora, a execução da pena deve ser não dessocializadora. Isto, num duplo sentido: por um lado, não se deve amputar o recluso dos direitos que sua qualidade de cidadão lhe assegura; por outro lado, deve-se reduzir ao mínimo a marginalização de fato que a reclusão implica e os efeitos criminógenos que lhe estão associados.”
Infelizmente, a citação acima não reflete a realidade da execução penal no Brasil.
No ano de 2015 foi lançado um relatório de pesquisa sobre a reincidência criminal no Brasil pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea) demonstrando, a partir de estudos de caso realizados por meio de pesquisas feitas no sistema penitenciário de três estados brasileiros, como funcionam na prática as ações voltadas à reintegração social dos egressos do sistema prisional.
A pesquisa demonstrou que as assistências previstas na LEP, fundamentais para o adequado cumprimento da pena, nem sempre são ofertadas e, quando ofertadas, acontecem de forma insuficiente. A única assistência presente em todas as unidades objeto da pesquisa foi a assistência religiosa.
Um dos investimentos imprescindíveis para e reintegração social do egresso, o da capacitação profissional ou inserção no mercado de trabalho, de acordo com a referida pesquisa não era executado de forma eficaz. O trabalho na prisão era visto mais como uma forma de ocupar o tempo vago ou de eliminar tempo de cumprimento de pena do que como uma capacitação ou ocupação necessária para uma volta ao mercado de trabalho pós cárcere. Falta incentivo ou oportunidade para que haja continuidade das atividades laborais após a saída do indivíduo do sistema prisional.
A falta de condições adequadas para receber os egressos na sociedade após a saída do cárcere só favorece a sua volta ao mundo do crime e não contribui em nada para a redução da criminalidade.
De acordo com o Levantamento Nacional de Informações Penitenciárias (Infopen), divulgado pelo Departamento Penitenciário Nacional (Depen), a população prisional no Brasil, no ano de 2019, cresceu 3,89%, atingindo 773.151 pessoas privadas de liberdade, mantendo a posição de 3º país com a maior população carcerária do mundo.
Isso significa 3,89% a mais da população prisional encarcerada, sem as assistências legais necessárias e sem acesso a políticas de reintegração social.
Esses dados chamam atenção apara a necessidade de elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas para o efetivo cumprimento das disposições contidas na LEP e para a adequada reintegração social do apenado, contribuindo para a redução da criminalidade, que atinge, de forma negativa, todos os membros da coletividade.
Diante dessa situação, devem o poder público, o setor privado, bem como todos os membros da coletividade se esforçarem para mudar o seu olhar acerca da população egressa do sistema prisional, enxergando-a também como membro da sociedade e potencial agente de transformação, e não pessoas a serem segregadas por sua condição social.
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS:
BITENCOURT, Cezar Roberto. Tratado de Direito Penal – Parte Geral. 17ª ed. São Paulo: Editora Saraiva, 2012.
BRASIL, Lei n. 7.210 de 11 de jul. de 1984. Lei de Execução Penal, Brasília, DF, jul. de 1984. Disponível em < http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l7210.htm>. Acesso em 24 de out. de 2020.
DADOS da população carcerária do Brasil são atualizados. Governo Federal, Brasília, 17 de fev. de 2020. Disponível em < https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/justica-e-seguranca/2020/02/dados-sobre-populacao-carceraria-do-brasil-sao-atualizados>. Acesso em 24 de out. de 2020.
IPEA – Instituto Econômico de Pesquisa Aplicada. Reincidência criminal no Brasil – relatório de pesquisa. 2015
MASSON, Cleber. Direito Penal, Parte Geral. Vol. 1. 12ª ed. São Paulo: Editora Método, 2018.
Ana Cláudia Couto – Advogada, com experiência em elaboração e monitoramento de projetos sociais e em assessoria a organizações do terceiro setor.
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